Hello, World!

Let's write and execute a smart contract on Cardano in 10 minutes. Yes, you read that right.

Covered in this tutorial

• Writing a basic Aiken validator;
• Writing & running tests with Aiken;
• Troubleshooting smart contracts.

Pre-requisites

We'll use Aiken to write the script so make the command-line installed already or else, look at the installation instructions.

Scaffolding

First, let's create a new Aiken project:

aiken new aiken-lang/hello-world
cd hello-world

This command scaffolds an Aiken project. In particular, it creates a lib and validators folders in which you can put Aiken source files.

./hello-world
│
├── README.md
├── aiken.toml
├── lib
└── validators

Using the standard library

We'll use the standard library (opens in a new tab) for writing our validator. Fortunately, aiken new did automatically add the standard library to our aiken.toml for us. It should look roughly like that:

name = "aiken-lang/hello-world"
version = "0.0.0"
license  = "Apache-2.0"
description = "Aiken contracts for project 'aiken-lang/hello-world'"
 
[repository]
user = 'aiken-lang'
project = 'hello-world'
platform = 'github'
 
[[dependencies]]
name = "aiken-lang/stdlib"
version = "v2"
source = "github"

Now, running aiken check, we should see dependencies being downloaded. That shouldn't take long.

❯ aiken check
    Compiling aiken-lang/hello-world 1.0.0 (examples/hello-world/)
    Resolving aiken-lang/hello-world
      Fetched 1 package in 0.01s from cache
    Compiling aiken-lang/stdlib v2 (/Users/aiken/Documents/aiken-lang/hello-world/build/packages/aiken-lang-stdlib)
      Summary 0 errors, 0 warnings

Our first validator

Let's write our first validator as validators/hello_world.ak:

use aiken/collection/list
use aiken/crypto.{VerificationKeyHash}
use cardano/transaction.{OutputReference, Transaction}
 
pub type Datum {
  owner: VerificationKeyHash,
}
 
pub type Redeemer {
  msg: ByteArray,
}
 
validator hello_world {
  spend(
    datum: Option<Datum>,
    redeemer: Redeemer,
    _own_ref: OutputReference,
    self: Transaction,
  ) {
    expect Some(Datum { owner }) = datum
    let must_say_hello = redeemer.msg == "Hello, World!"
    let must_be_signed = list.has(self.extra_signatories, owner)
    must_say_hello && must_be_signed
  }
}

Our first validator is rudimentary, yet there's already a lot to say about it.

1. It looks for a verification key hash (owner) in the datum and a message (msg) in the redeemer. Remember that, in the eUTxO model, the datum is set when locking funds in the contract and can be therefore seen as configuration. Here, we'll indicate the owner of contract and require a signature from them to unlock funds—very much like it already works on a typical non-script address.

2. Moreover, because there's no "Hello, World!" without a proper "Hello, World!" our little contract also demands this very message, as a UTF-8-encoded byte array, to be passed as redeemer (i.e. when spending from the contract).

It's now time to build our first contract!

aiken build

This command generate a CIP-0057 Plutus blueprint (opens in a new tab) as plutus.json at the root of your project. This blueprint describes your on-chain contract and its binary interface. In particular, it contains the generated on-chain code that will be executed by the ledger, and a hash of your validator(s) that can be used to construct addresses.

This format is framework-agnostic and is meant to facilitate interoperability between tools. The blueprint is fully integrated into Aiken, which can automatically generate it based on your type definitions and comments.

Let's see the validator in action!

Adding traces

In a way, validators are nothing more than predicates. A predicate is a function that returns a boolean. It indicates whether the operation is permitted or not. Here, we are writing a spend validator which controls who is allowed to spend funds locked by it. Troubleshooting validators can rapidly become difficult as the only real output they give is yes or no. To cope with that, you can add traces to a validator. Traces are special commands which tells the ledger—or whomever is executing the validator—to collect messages when encountered. On failure, it spits out the messages encountered, thus giving a trace of the program execution.

So let's add a few traces.

use aiken/collection/list
use aiken/crypto.{VerificationKeyHash}
use aiken/primitive/string
use cardano/transaction.{OutputReference, Transaction}
 
pub type Datum {
  owner: VerificationKeyHash,
}
 
pub type Redeemer {
  msg: ByteArray,
}
 
validator hello_world {
  spend(
    datum: Option<Datum>,
    redeemer: Redeemer,
    _own_ref: OutputReference,
    self: Transaction,
  ) {
    trace @"redeemer": string.from_bytearray(redeemer.msg)
 
    expect Some(Datum { owner }) = datum
 
    let must_say_hello = redeemer.msg == "Hello, World!"
 
    let must_be_signed = list.has(self.extra_signatories, owner)
 
    must_say_hello? && must_be_signed?
  }
}

Here we have done two changes:

1. We've added a manual message using the trace keyword. The message is the one passed as redeemer. With this, we can check that the value seen by the validator is the expected one.

2. Notice how we also added a question mark ? at the end of each expression must_say_hello and must_be_signed. This is what we call the trace-if-false operator, and is pretty handy to debug things. This operator will trace the expression it is attached to only if it evaluates to False. This encourages an approach where validators are built as a conjunction or disjunction of requirements. On unsuccessful executions, all the invalidated requirements will leave a trace!

In order to see those traces, we'll need to write a short test.

Writing a test

Aiken has support for tests built-in! As you'll see shortly, tests can also serve as benchmarks since they display the exact memory and steps execution units required to run them. They also collect traces for us. Let's write a simple test which runs our validator. Tests are functions without arguments which return boolean. Yet unlike functions, they are denoted with the keyword test. We will need a datum, a redeemer and a script context as well as a few more imports:

// ... rest of the code is unchanged
 
test hello_world_example() {
  let datum =
    Datum { owner: #"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" }
 
  let redeemer = Redeemer { msg: "Aiken Rocks!" }
 
  let placeholder_utxo = OutputReference { transaction_id: "", output_index: 0 }
 
  hello_world.spend(
    Some(datum),
    redeemer,
    placeholder_utxo,
    transaction.placeholder,
  )
}

Here, we have a test! A failing test, but we'll get it to pass, no worries. But first, let's execute it. Simply run aiken check:

❯ aiken check
        
  ┍━ hello_world ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
  │ FAIL [mem: 11387, cpu: 4370671] hello_world_example
  │ · with traces
  │ | redeemer: Aiken Rocks!
  │ | must_say_hello ? False
  ┕━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 1 tests | 0 passed | 1 failed

This output is already pretty useful. We can see the trace that we added in our validator which spits back the msg in the redeemer. Then, we see the ? operator at play. It shows a trace since the predicate must_say_hello returned False. Note that the other predicate must_be_signed isn't shown here because Aiken ensures that the conditions are checked one after the other. Since the first one already failed, the entire expression shortcircuits to False.

Let's fix this and ensure that we say Hello, World! instead.

test hello_world_example() {
  let datum =
    Datum { owner: #"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" }
 
  let redeemer = Redeemer { msg: "Hello, World!" }
 
  let placeholder_utxo = OutputReference { transaction_id: "", output_index: 0 }
 
  hello_world.spend(
    Some(datum),
    redeemer,
    placeholder_utxo,
    transaction.placeholder,
  )
}

Now, we can run aiken check again:

❯ aiken check
        
  ┍━ hello_world ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
  │ FAIL [mem: 18729, cpu: 7160240] hello_world_example
  │ · with traces
  │ | redeemer: Hello, World!
  │ | must_be_signed ? False
  ┕━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 1 tests | 0 passed | 1 failed

It fails again, as expected, but we got further. Notice how the the mem and cpu execution units are slightly higher than on the first execution. Now, we have moved to evaluating the second part of the validator requirements: must_be_signed. To satisfy this second requirement, we'll need to add our test owner to the transaction's extra signatories. As such:

// ...rest of the code is unchanged
 
test hello_world_example() {
  let datum =
    Datum { owner: #"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" }
 
  let redeemer = Redeemer { msg: "Hello, World!" }
 
  let placeholder_utxo = OutputReference { transaction_id: "", output_index: 0 }
 
  hello_world.spend(
    Some(datum),
    redeemer,
    placeholder_utxo,
    Transaction { ..transaction.placeholder, extra_signatories: [datum.owner] },
  )
}

This should do the trick. Note that, at this point, we do not provide any signature of any kind. This is because we are not performing any of the ledger phase-1 validations. Yet, prior to executing smart contracts, the ledger will verify that the content of the transaction is valid. In particular, it will verify that any extra_signatories has a corresponding valid signature in the transaction. Here, we can just go with our placeholder verification key!

❯ aiken check
        
  ┍━ hello_world ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
  │ PASS [mem: 32451, cpu: 11921833] hello_world_example
  │ · with traces
  │ | redeemer: Hello, World!
  ┕━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 1 tests | 1 passed | 0 failed

And, it works! We are left with our Hello, World! trace and no failure 🎉! Congratulations, you've made it. Of course, this particular test isn't really interesting. Yet, in practice, validators are more complex and layered. We encourage you to split validators into smaller functions that do one thing at a time, and test those functions independently.

You are now ready to move on to the next steps and look into performing this end-to-end, with a real transaction! Exciting, isn't it?